Define Budd-Chiari syndrome and its typical clinical presentation.

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Budd-Chiari syndrome is a hepatic venous outflow obstruction, usually from thrombosis of the hepatic veins or obstruction at their ostia by membranous webs. This blocks the drainage of blood from the liver, causing hepatic venous congestion and congestive hepatopathy. The hallmark clinical picture is a triad of abdominal pain (often in the right upper quadrant), hepatomegaly, and ascites; in severe cases the liver can fail due to sustained congestion and ischemia. This vascular obstruction differentiates it from conditions like portal vein thrombosis (which presents with portal hypertension and varices), biliary obstruction (pain and jaundice from bile duct blockage), and autoimmune hepatitis (autoimmune destruction of hepatocytes with jaundice).